Kennel Cough Infection in Dogs. The information contained within this article covers a range of topics written to fully educate pet owners about kennel cough in dogs (a disease otherwise known as canine infectioustracheobronchitis, canine cough, canine croup, canine parainfluenza and canine Bordetella infection). The information presented is detailed (but still easy to understand) because we areaiming to educate owners thoroughly about the disease, including its transmission, treatmentand prevention, and provide owners with enough information that they might be better informed and able to troubleshoot problems with their own pets. The topics are covered in the following order: 1) What is kennel cough? Which animals are at risk of contracting kennel cough pathogens? Kennel cough in dogs (includes information on kennel cough vaccine failure in dogs). Kennel cough in humans and other animals (includes info on cat- flu and human infections).

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How do animals catch kennel cough? Virus transmission from dog to dog. What environmental conditions predispose to kennel cough transmission? Real- life situations that promote dog to dog transmission of kennel cough. Can a neighbourhood dog or a visiting dog give my dog kennel cough?

Veterinary advice about kennel cough infection - the disease, its transmission, symptoms, treatment, vaccination and prevention (includes info on controlling kennel. Not all cancer symptoms are alike. Learn more about what to look for when your body may be signaling that it's time to see a doctor.

My dog hasn't been near another dog in months - how could he get kennel cough? Can vaccines cause kennel cough? Symptoms of kennel cough - what does kennel cough do to your dog? This section contains the following subsections: 4a) How kennel cough viruses cause disease (how they replicate and destroy cells etc.).

How do kennel cough primary and secondary bacteria cause disease? Symptoms of kennel cough: how does kennel cough affect the respiratory tract and mucous membranes? Chronic, recurrent kennel cough infections - kennel cough that keeps coming back. Can animals be infected with kennel cough and show little or no signs of disease?5) How is kennel cough diagnosed? This section discusses the diagnostic modalitiesused by veterinarians in order to test animals for the various causes of coughs and respiratory illness. It contains information on findings that might be expected in animals with kennelcough and the pitfalls that might be encountered with the testing procedures. This section containsexcellent photographs.

Blood panels and urine testing. Chest radiographs (x- rays). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): cytology, culture and sensitivity. Endoscopy or tracheoscopy.

Kennel cough virus isolation. What other diseases look like kennel cough? The differential diagnoses for kennel cough.

How is kennel cough treated? Antibiotics. 7b) Cough suppressants.

Anti- inflammatories. Nebulisers and shower therapy. Isolation. 7f) Rest. Environmental management. Beware of neck pressure and collars. What happens if you don't treat? Watch The Dictator Online Forbes on this page.

Is not treating for kennel cough an option? What is the prognosis for kennel cough? How to prevent kennel cough in pets. It includes detailed information about vaccination schedules and vaccine types (intranasal vaccines, injectable vaccines) and many great tipsfor reducing your pet's exposure to kennel cough viruses and/or bacteria. How to prevent kennel cough in high risk situations. How do you disinfect the environment following kennel cough contamination?

Summary and take home messages - a summary of the important points. WARNING - IN THE INTERESTS OF PROVIDING YOU WITH COMPLETE AND DETAILED INFORMATION, THIS SITE DOES CONTAIN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL IMAGES THAT MAY DISTURB SOME READERS. Kennel cough, otherwise known as canine cough, canine croup, canine infectious tracheobronchitis, canine parainfluenza infection, canine Bordetella bronchiseptica infectionand even, I have heard,'canine whooping cough' is a common respiratory disease affecting dogs, and related canine species, all around the world.

Canine cough isa multifactorial disease caused by a variety of infectious disease organisms that attack the upper respiratory tract (throat, nose, trachea and bronchi) and exacerbated by numerous non- organism factors such as poor- ventilation, overcrowding, low- immunity, high stress, high dust levels and dry air conditions (low humidity). Common organisms implicated in kennel cough infections include the primary infectious disease organisms: parainfluenza 2 virus, canine adenovirus type 2, Bordetella bronchiseptica (a bacteria) and various mycoplasma species as well as a range of secondary bacterial organisms including: Pasteurella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bordetella, Mycoplasma, Escherichia coli (E.

Klebsiella and Pseudomonas. Occasionally, canineherpesviruses, reoviruses, canine adenovirus type 1 and even canine distemper virus havebeen associated with kennel cough symptoms in dogs. Kennel cough is generally spread in conditions whereby large numbers of dogsare kept in close proximity to each other (pounds, shelters, pet shops, boarding kennels, breeding facilities, dog clubs, dog shows and multiple- dog households). Usually appearingin unvaccinated (and even vaccinated) dogs 3- 1. Affected dogsdevelop a fever; enlarged throat and neck lymph nodes (generally not appreciated bytheir owners) and a cough.

This cough is harsh and hacking (often described as 'honking' or 'hoarse') and severe, explosive bouts of coughing will often be followed with a gagging, retching action (expectoration), whereby the dog looks like it is attempting to bring something up. The pet may indeed bring up something (a patch of white foam or phlegm) but, more commonly, the animal will swallow the expectorantand you won't see anything brought up. Bouts of coughing can often be so severe and persistentthat owners will fear their dog is choking and/or unable to catch its breath! The severity and frequency of the coughing is often exacerbated by dry air conditions, heavy panting, exercise (exercised dogs pant dry, irritating air across their inflamed airway linings) and pressure on the throat (e. A watery nose and or eye discharge may also be seen. Generally, most animals affected with canine cough will still appear to be bright and active and healthy- looking to their owners, despite the nasty cough, however, some animals may become more sleepy and lethargic than normal and go off their food a bit, as a result of the fever and illness.

Generally the disease is self limiting (it usually goes away on its own in 7 to 1. Kennel cough in dogs: Kennel cough is a disease that can infect dogs of all ages. Mild to moderate clinicalsigns are typically seen in older dogs (over 6 months) that have good, up- to- date immunization. The most severe clinical signs (including pneumonia) are typically seen in young puppies (under 4 months of age),immunocompromised animals and unvaccinated animals.

It is possible for dogs and puppies that have been vaccinated before to contract the disease following exposure to causative infectious disease organisms in multiple- dog environments (boarding kennels, pounds etc). There are many reasons for the 'vaccination failure' that can occur with kennel cough vaccines: 1) Not all organisms that cause kennel cough are vaccinated for.

Most kennel cough vaccines only cover our canine friends against parainfluenza 2, Bordetella bronchiseptica and occasionally canine adenovirus type 2. Vaccines do not cover againstany of the other infectious agents that are known to cause or contribute to kennel cough. Infectious agents (e. Vaccines protecting against one wild- type strain of a virus (or a bacterium) may not protect the animal as well against a different strain of the same organism. The nature and site of the kennel cough infection versus the immune response that occurs with vaccination. Respiratory viruses (and bacteria) affect the lining of the respiratory tract.

Antibodiesand kennel- cough- targeting immune cells, produced following injectable vaccinations, tend to circulate in the blood and lymphatic systems, not within the air passages of the lungs themselves (where the bugsinvade).

Surgery. Ce- Fi Cystoscopy. Definition. Cystoscopy (cystourethroscopy) is a diagnostic procedure that uses a. It can. also be used to collect urine samples, perform biopsies, and remove small. Cystoscopy is performed by urologists to examine the entire bladder lining.

Cystoscopy may be prescribed. Blood and urine studies, in addition to x rays of the kidneys, ureters. During the cystoscopy, a retrograde.

Description. There are two types of cystoscopes used to carry out the procedure, a. Both types are used for the same purposes. The rigid type requires that. The flexible cystoscope does not. A cystoscopy typically lasts from 1.

The patient is. asked to urinate before surgery and advised that relaxing pelvic muscles. A well- lubricated. There may be some.

Fluid is then injected to. The cystoscope uses a lighted tip for guidance and enables biopsies. During a cystoscopy, the urologist may remove bladder stones or kidney. To remove. stones, an instrument that looks like a tiny basket or grasper is inserted.

For a biopsy, special forceps are inserted through. Alternatively, a small. To. perform x- ray studies such as a retrograde pyelogram, a dye is injected. After. completion of all required tests, the cystoscope is removed. Preparation. Patients may be asked to give a urine sample before cytoscopy to check for. They wear a hospital gown during the procedure and the lower. A sedative may be given.

The. region of the urethra is cleansed and a local anesthetic is applied. Spinal or general anesthesia may also be used for the procedure. Distension of the bladder with fluid is particularly painful, and if it. A signed consent form is necessary for. Aftercare. After removal of the cystoscope, the urethra is usually sore, and patients. To alleviate discomfort or pain, patients may be.

Minor pain may also be treated. To relieve discomfort, patients may be advised to drink two 8- oz glasses. If not able to bathe, they may be advised to hold a warm. Patients who have undergone a cystoscopy are instructed to. Take warm baths to relieve pain.

Rest and refrain from driving for several days, especially if general. Expect any blood in the urine to clear up in one to two days. Avoid strenuous. exercise. Postpone sexual relations until the urologist determines that healing is. As with any surgical procedure, there are some risks involved with a.

Complications may include profuse bleeding, a damaged urethra. Patients should contact their physician if they experience any of the. Cystoscopy is a commonly performed procedure, but it is an invasive.

If anesthesia is. Those undergoing anesthesia must inform the. Normal results. A successful cystoscopy includes a thorough examination of the bladder and. If no abnormalities are seen.

In this case, the bladder wall. The treating physician can tell the patient what was seen inside the. If a biopsy sample was taken, this will. Cystoscopy allows the urologist to detect inflammation of the bladder.

If these are seen, further. Cystoscopy with bladder distention. Watch Gladiator Mediafire on this page.

Bladder stones, urethral. Alternatives. There are procedures that can provide some information about the lining of. Resources. Buckman, Robert. Bladder." In. What You Really Need To.

Know About Cancer: A Comprehensive Guide for Patients and Their. Families. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1. Miller, B. E., ed.

An Atlas of Sigmoidoscopy and Cystoscopy. Boca Raton: CRC Press- Parthenon Publishers, 2. Segen, Joseph C., and Joseph Stauffer. Cystoscopy." In. Patient's Guide To Medical Tests: Everything You Need To Know. About The Tests Your Doctor Prescribes. New York: Facts On File, 1.

Tierney, Lawrence M. Jr., Stephen J. Mc. Phee, and Maxine A. Papadakis, eds. "Urology." In.

Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1.

Fraczyk, L., H. Godfrey, and R. Feneley. "Flexible Cystoscopy. Outpatients or Domiciliary?". British Journal of Community Nursing.

February 2. 00. 2): 6. Jabs, C. F., and H. P. Drutz. "The Role of Intraoperative. Cystoscopy in Prolapse and Incontinence Surgery.". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. December 2. 00. 1): 1.

Kwon, C. H., R. Goldberg, S. Koduri, and P. K. Sand. "The Use of. Intraoperative Cystoscopy in Major Vaginal and Urogynecologic.

Surgeries.". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. December 2. 00. 2): 1. Payne, D. A., and R.

C. Kockelbergh. "Improving the View at. Flexible Cystoscopy.". Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England. March 2. 00. 3): 1. Sant, Grannum R., and Philip M. Hanno. "Interstitial Cystitis.

Current Issues and Controversies in Diagnosis.". Urology. 5. 7, Supplement 6. A (June 2. 00. 1): 8.

Satoh, E., N. Miyao, H. Tachiki, and Y. Fujisawa. Prediction of. Muscle Invasion of Bladder Cancer by Cystoscopy.".

European Urology. February 2. 00. 2): 1. American Urological Association. North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD. American Foundation for Urologic Disease.

North Charles Street. Baltimore, MD 2. 12. Interstitial Cystitis Association. Monroe Street, Suite 1. Rockville, MD 2. 08. Society of Urologic Nurses and Associates.

East Holly Avenue, Box 5. Pitman, NJ 0. 80. Jennifer E. Sisk Monique Laberge, Ph. D. WHO PERFORMS THE PROCEDURE AND WHERE IS IT PERFORMED? Cystoscopy is typically performed on an outpatient basis, but up to three.

The procedure can. If general anesthesia is required, an. The cystoscopy procedure is performed by a urologist, urologic.

If x rays are taken during the procedure, a. Biopsy tissue samples are sent to the clinical laboratory for.

QUESTIONS TO ASK THE DOCTOR. What will happen during the procedure? How do I prepare for cytoscopy?

Will cystoscopy hurt? How long will the test last? How many cytoscopies do you perform each year? Are there any risks associated with the procedure?