Ottoman Empire Facts, History, Map. The first period of Ottoman history was characterized by almost continuous territorial expansion, during which Ottoman dominion spread out from a small northwestern Anatolian principality to cover most of southeastern Europe and Anatolia. The political, economic, and social institutions of the classical Islamic empires were amalgamated with those inherited from Byzantium and the great Turkish empires of Central Asia and were reestablished in new forms that were to characterize the area into modern times. Origins and expansion of the Ottoman state, c. Read More on This Topic. Ottoman Empire The decline of the Ottoman Empire, 15661807 The reign of Sleyman I the Magnificent marked the peak of Ottoman grandeur, but signs of weakness. Islamic world Ascent of the Ottoman Turks. It was not from the Rm Seljuqs, however, that lasting Muslim power in Anatolia was to come, but rather from one of the warrior states on the Byzantine frontier. The successive waves of Turkic migrations had driven unrelated individuals and groups across central Islamdom into Anatolia. Avoiding the Konya state, they gravitated toward an open frontier to the west, where they began to. READ MOREIn their initial stages of expansion, the Ottomans were leaders of the Turkish warriors for the faith of Islam, known by the honorific title ghz Arabic raider, who fought against the shrinking Christian Byzantine state. The ancestors of Osman I, the founder of the dynasty, were members of the Kay tribe who had entered Anatolia along with a mass of Turkmen Ouz nomads. Those nomads, migrating from Central Asia, established themselves as the Seljuq dynasty in Iran and Mesopotamia in the mid 1. Byzantium after the Battle of Manzikert 1. Anatolia during the 1. The ghazis fought against the Byzantines and then the Mongols, who invaded Anatolia following the establishment of the Il Khanid Ilhanid empire in Iran and Mesopotamia in the last half of the 1. With the disintegration of Seljuq power and its replacement by Mongol suzerainty, enforced by direct military occupation of much of eastern Anatolia, independent Turkmen principalitiesone of which was led by Osmanemerged in the remainder of Anatolia. Osman and Orhan. Following the final Mongol defeat of the Seljuqs in 1. Wellassembled site by Kelley L. Ross, Ph. D. listing Islamic rulers prior to and including the Ottoman Turks. Includes maps of the Ottoman Empire throughout the ages. OsmanliCumhuriyeti-711x1024.jpg' alt='The Ottoman Republic Full Movie In English' title='The Ottoman Republic Full Movie In English' />Osman emerged as prince bey of the border principality that took over Byzantine. Bithynia in northwestern Anatolia around Bursa, commanding the ghazis against the Byzantines in that area. Hemmed in on the east by the more powerful Turkmen principality of Germiyan, Osman and his immediate successors concentrated their attacks on Byzantine territories bordering the Bosporus and the Sea of Marmara to the west. The Ottomans, left as the major Muslim rivals of Byzantium, attracted masses of nomads and urban unemployed who were roaming through the Middle East searching for means to gain their livelihoods and seeking to fulfill their religious desire to expand the territory of Islam. The Ottomans were able to take advantage of the decay of the Byzantine frontier defense system and the rise of economic, religious, and social discontent in the Byzantine Empire and, beginning under Osman and continuing under his successors Orhan Orkhan, ruled 1. Murad I 1. 36. 08. Byzantine territories, first in western Anatolia and then in southeastern Europe. It was only under Bayezid I 1. Anatolian Turkish principalities to the east. My Girl 2 Full Movie Online Free on this page. Test Your Knowledge. The Qurn. By 1. Osman ruled an area in Anatolia stretching from Eskiehir Dorylaeum to the plains of znik Nicaea, having defeated several organized Byzantine efforts to curb his expansion. Byzantine attempts to secure Il Khanid support against the Ottomans from the east were unsuccessful, and the Byzantine emperors use of mercenary troops from western Europe caused more damage to his own territory than to that of the Turks. The Ottomans lacked effective siege equipment, however, and were unable to take the major cities of Bithynia. Nor could they move against their increasingly powerful Turkmen neighbours, the Aydn and Karasdynasties, which had taken over Byzantine territory in southwestern Anatolia. Orhans capture of Bursa in 1. Orhan began the military policy, expanded by his successors, of employing Christian mercenary troops, thus lessening his dependence on the nomads. Orhan soon was able to capture the remaining Byzantine towns in northwestern Anatolia znik 1. He then moved against his major Turkmen neighbours to the south. Taking advantage of internal conflicts, Orhan annexed Karas in 1. Gulf of Edremit and Kapda Cyzicus, reaching the Sea of Marmara. He thus put himself in a position to end the lucrative monopoly enjoyed by the city of Aydn, that of providing mercenary troops to competing Byzantine factions in Thrace and at the Byzantine capital, Constantinople present day Istanbul. The expansion also enabled the Ottomans to replace Aydn as the principal ally of the Byzantine emperor John VI Cantacuzenus. Ottoman Empire Empire created by Turkish tribes in Anatolia Asia Minor that grew to be one of the most powerful states in the world during the 15th and 16th centuries. Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean. The Republic of Macedonia roughly corresponds to the ancient kingdom of Paeonia, which was located immediately north of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia. Paeonia was. The consequent entry of Ottoman troops into Europe gave them a direct opportunity to see the possibilities for conquest offered by Byzantine decadence. The collapse of Aydn following the death of its ruler, Umur Bey, left the Ottomans alone as the leaders of the ghazis against the Byzantines. Orhan helped Cantacuzenus take the throne of Byzantium from John V Palaeologus and as a reward secured the right to ravage Thrace and to marry the emperors daughter Theodora. Britannica Lists Quizzes. Ottoman raiding parties began to move regularly through Gallipoli on the Crimean Peninsula into Thrace. Huge quantities of captured booty strengthened Ottoman power and attracted thousands from the uprooted Turkmen masses of Anatolia into Ottoman service. Starting in 1. 35. Orhans son Sleyman transformed Gallipoli, a peninsula on the European side of the Dardanelles, into a permanent base for expansion into Europe and refused to leave, despite the protests of Cantacuzenus and others. From Gallipoli Sleymans bands moved up the Maritsa River into southeastern Europe, raiding as far as Adrianople. Cantacuzenus soon fell from power, at least partially because of his cooperation with the Turks, and Europe began to be aware of the extent of the Turkish danger. Watch Enemy Of The State Hindi Full Movie. Murad IOrhans son Murad I was the first Ottoman emperor to use Gallipoli for permanent conquests in Europe. Constantinople itself was bypassed, despite the weakness and disorganization of its defenders, because its thick walls and well placed defenses remained too strong for the nomadic Ottoman army, which continued to lack siege equipment. Murads initial conquests extended northward into Thrace, culminating with the capture in 1. Adrianople, the second city of the Byzantine Empire. Renamed Edirne, the city became the new Ottoman capital, providing the Ottomans with a centre for the administrative and military control of Thrace. As the main fortress between Constantinople and the Danube River, it controlled the principal invasion road through the Balkan Mountains, assured Ottoman retention of their European conquests, and facilitated further expansion to the north. Murad then moved through the Maritsa River valley and captured Philippopolis Philib or Filibe modern Plovdiv in 1. Control of the main sources of Constantinoples grain and tax revenues enabled him to force the Byzantine emperor to accept Ottoman suzerainty. The death of the Serbian emperor Stefan Duan in 1. Ottomans, despite an alliance with Louis I of Hungary and Tsar Shishman of Bulgaria in the first European Crusade against the Ottomans. The Byzantine emperor John V Palaeologus tried to mobilize European assistance by uniting the churches of Constantinople and Rome, but that effort only further divided Byzantium without assuring any concrete help from the West. Murad was thus able in 1. Chernomen irmen, on the Maritsa, increasing his own confidence and demoralizing his smaller enemies, who rapidly accepted his suzerainty without further resistance. Murad next incorporated into the rapidly expanding empire many European vassals. Cyprus Wikipedia. Republic of Cyprus. Location of Cyprus pictured lower right, showing the Republic of Cyprus in darker green and the self declared republic of Northern Cyprus in brighter green, with the rest of the European Union shown in faded green. Capitaland largest city. Nicosia  3. 51. 0N3. E 3. 5. 1. 67N 3. E 3. 5. 1. 67 3. Official languages. Minority languages. Vernaculars. Ethnic groups. Demonym. Cypriot. Government. Unitarypresidentialconstitutional republic. Nicos Anastasiades. VacantbDemetris Syllouris. Legislature. House of Representatives. Independence from the United Kingdom. February 1. 95. 9 Independence proclaimed. August 1. 96. 01 October 1. May 2. 00. 4Area. Water 9. Population 2. Density. 12. 3. 4c5km. GDP PPP2. 01. 6 estimate Total2. Per capita3. 4,9. GDP nominal2. 01. Total1. 9. 8. 10 billion6 1. Per capita2. 3,3. Gini 2. 01. 5 3. HDI 2. Currency. Euro EURTime zone. EETUTC2EEST UTC3Drives on theleft. Calling code3. 57. ISO 3. 16. 6 code. CYInternet TLD. cyeCyprus,f officially the Republic of Cyprus,g is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean. It is located south of Turkey, west of Syria and Lebanon, northwest of Israel, north of Egypt, and southeast of Greece. The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 1. BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world. Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC. As a strategic location in the Middle East, it was subsequently occupied by several major powers, including the empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians, from whom the island was seized in 3. BC by Alexander the Great. Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt, the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire, Arabcaliphates for a short period, the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians, was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1. Cyprus was placed under British administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1. Britain in 1. 91. While Turkish Cypriots made up 1. Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1. Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an extension of Anatolia by them while, since the 1. Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece, which became a Greek national policy in the 1. Following nationalist violence in the 1. Cyprus was granted independence in 1. In 1. 96. 3, the 1. Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots started, which displaced more than 2. Turkish Cypriots1. Turkish Cypriot representation in the republic. On 1. 5 July 1. 97. Greek Cypriot nationalists1. Greek military junta1. Cyprus into Greece. This action precipitated the Turkish invasion of Cyprus on 2. July,2. 0 which led to the capture of the present day territory of Northern Cyprus in the following month, after a ceasefire collapsed, and the displacement of over 1. Greek Cypriots2. Turkish Cypriots. A separate Turkish Cypriot state in the north was established by unilateral declaration in 1. Turkey alone recognizing the new state. These events and the resulting political situation are matters of a continuing dispute. The Republic of Cyprus has de juresovereignty over the entire island, including its territorial waters and exclusive economic zone, with the exception of the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, which remain under British control according to the London and Zrich Agreements. However, the Republic of Cyprus is de facto partitioned into two main parts the area under the effective control of the Republic, located in the south and west, and comprising about 5. Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, covering about 3. Another nearly 4 of the islands area is covered by the UN buffer zone. The international community considers the northern part of the island as territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces. The occupation is viewed as illegal under international law, amounting to illegal occupation of EU territory since Cyprus became a member of the European Union. Cyprus is a major tourist destination in the Mediterranean. With an advanced,3. Human Development Index,3. Republic of Cyprus has been a member of the Commonwealth since 1. Non Aligned Movement until it joined the European Union on 1 May 2. On 1 January 2. 00. Republic of Cyprus joined the eurozone. Etymology. A copper mine in Cyprus. In antiquity, Cyprus was a major source of copper. The earliest attested reference to Cyprus is the 1. BC Mycenaean Greek, ku pi ri jo,3. Cypriot Greek, written in Linear B syllabic script. The classical Greek form of the name is Kpros. The etymology of the name is unknown. Suggestions include Through overseas trade, the island has given its name to the Classical Latin word for copper through the phrase aes Cyprium, metal of Cyprus, later shortened to Cuprum. The standard demonym relating to Cyprus or its people or culture is Cypriot. The terms Cypriote and Cyprian are also used, though less frequently. History. Early Greek colonization of Cyprus. Prehistoric and Ancient Cyprus. Archeologic site of Choirokoitia with early remains of human habitation during Aceramic Neolithic period reconstructionThe earliest confirmed site of human activity on Cyprus is Aetokremnos, situated on the south coast, indicating that hunter gatherers were active on the island from around 1. BC,4. 1 with settled village communities dating from 8. BC. The arrival of the first humans correlates with the extinction of the dwarf hippos and dwarf elephants. Water wells discovered by archaeologists in western Cyprus are believed to be among the oldest in the world, dated at 9,0. Remains of an 8 month old cat were discovered buried with a human body at a separate Neolithic site in Cyprus. Watch Jack Squad Tube Free. The grave is estimated to be 9,5. BC, predating ancient Egyptian civilisation and pushing back the earliest known feline human association significantly. The remarkably well preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia is a UNESCO World Heritage Site dating to approximately 6. BC. 4. 5. Sanctuary of Apollo Hylates, Kourion. During the late Bronze Age the island experienced two waves of Greek settlement. The first wave consisted of Mycenaean Greek traders who started visiting Cyprus around 1. BC. 4. 74. 8 A major wave of Greek settlement is believed to have taken place following the Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean Greece from 1. BC, with the islands predominantly Greek character dating from this period. Cyprus occupies an important role in Greek mythology being the birthplace of Aphrodite and Adonis, and home to King Cinyras, Teucer and Pygmalion. Beginning in the 8th century BC Phoenician colonies were founded on the south coast of Cyprus, near present day Larnaca and Salamis. Cyprus is at a strategic location in the Middle East. It was ruled by Assyria for a century starting in 7. BC, before a brief spell under Egyptian rule and eventually Persian rule in 5. BC. 4. 8 The Cypriots, led by Onesilus, king of Salamis, joined their fellow Greeks in the Ionian cities during the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt in 4. BC against the Achaemenid Empire. The revolt was suppressed, but Cyprus managed to maintain a high degree of autonomy and remained oriented towards the Greek world. The island was conquered by Alexander the Great in 3. BC. Following his death and the subsequent division of his empire and wars among his successors, Cyprus became part of the Hellenistic empire of Ptolemaic Egypt. It was during this period that the island was fully Hellenized. In 5. 8 BC Cyprus was acquired by the Roman Republic.